Social and Behavioural Sciences for Nursing Essay

Social and Behavioral Sciences for Nursing - Essay Example Different fitting auxiliary sources will be utilized to decipher these encounters from social and conduct science perspective. At age 18, John had been conceded into a mental medical clinic threefold. At first, he encountered absence of rest and was befuddled holding neurotic convictions and some self important. He saw recognizable faces in the essences of outsiders causing reconnaissance attributes. This caused John to accept that he was at risk for losing his free and unconstrained reasoning capacity. As indicated by the mother, John showed poor focus yet was high in pressure, dread and cautiousness which Mueser and Jeste (2008), similarly as his therapist, credit to psychosomatic chest torments. In view of the historical backdrop of psychosis in the family, the therapist effortlessly analyzed schizophrenia in John. John’s mother reviewed how the news was broken to them with the sign that their child would be under prescription for a mind-blowing remainder damaging them. The se were John’s one of a kind side effects of a mental issue as every patient encounters one of a kind side effects and as such have extraordinary methods of adapting to the equivalent (ed. Steel 2013). In the UK, Weinberger and Harrison (eds. 2011) record somewhere in the range of 0.2% and 1% of individuals encountering comparable issues related with schizophrenia at a specific time. These individuals possess 8% of the medical clinic beds in Canada. The US has a much higher pervasiveness of the confusion remaining at 1.2% of the complete populace, with the worldwide information being significantly higher. Strikingly, one out of a hundred people would be determined to have schizophrenia in the course of their life with determination regular in early adulthood at ages 18 to 25 for guys and 25 to 30 and again at around 40 for females. The essentialness of pervasiveness of this issue brings up at the significance of understanding the viewpoint of the patient in order to have the option to give a more customer focussed methodology in conveying human services to the network. For this situation, John’s life venture illuminates a suitable story to comprehend his ailment from mental, sociological and social points of view. Social Perspective John was naturally introduced to a poor family living in the downtown with the mother having four youngsters each with various obscure dads. This financial thought gives a connection among destitution and schizophrenia in light of the fact that preferably, schizophrenia, similarly the same number of other psychological maladjustments, influences individuals from poor foundations more than those from the more princely territories. Clinard and Meier (2008) utilize the detachment hypothesis to clarify this wonder taking note of that neediness joined with social separation would probably trigger psychosis among helpless people. Supporting this hypothesis is Aneshensel and Phelan (eds. 2006) who hypothesize that social pro cedures and courses of action structure the premise of understanding the causes and results of psychological instability. Truth be told, the tag of being intellectually sick qualifies as a social change in itself. John being a youngster from a poor family along these lines clarifies his condition; a monetary condition which was declined by the costs that emerged from the consideration that John required. In the wake of investing extensive energy in the mental medical clinic, John was incorporated back to the general public in order to help him have a typical existence. This people group care strategy has profited John a lot as it helped him welcome himself as some other human. All things considered, the network couldn't generally grasp John back typically. Their viewpoint of the

Financial Accounting Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monetary Accounting Standards - Essay Example The measurements present this data as numerical information. In this manner, the CAFR is made. This paper will talk about the CAFR of Texas and all its significant parts. The Texas CAFR has a chapter by chapter list which separates the report into the three sections referenced previously. The initial segment is known as the early on area and incorporates the letter of transmittal alongside the structure of the administration in Texas and the authorities engaged with guaranteeing its smooth running. The second piece of the CAFR incorporates various segments. It starts with the autonomous evaluator's report and proceeds with the administration's conversation and investigation of the report. It additionally government budget summaries which incorporate the net resources and the announcement of exercises led by the state. Additionally included are the accounting reports, various subsidizes proclamations which government's supports balance in the net resources and the incomes and consumption in the administrative monetary records. These exclusive assets additionally tally the net resources and incomes. Guardian net resources and the progressions made to them are remembered for the money related report. Non-significant assets are a piece of the fiscal summaries of the CAFR. This incorporates legislative, exceptional income, obligation administration, capital ventures, and changeless assets. The monetary records and income, consumption and changes are likewise accommodated in the reserve adjusts. Non-significant undertaking structures a different part of the report. It incorporates proclamations of net resources, incomes and incomes and changes made to the store net resources for non-significant undertaking and instructive organizations: schools and colleges. Annuity and other worker benefits, trust subsidizes set for private purposes and assets utilized by offices are remembered for the CAFR. The guardian net resources are seen alongside the adjustments in these benefits. The fiscal report closes with an announcement of the net exercises and resources of the state. The measurable segment incorporates the budgetary patterns which incorporate the net resources and administrative assets and the progressions made to them. Likewise, the income is tallied which incorporates the expense assortments, retail deals and gross state item. The obligation is additionally canvassed in the insights with the remarkable obligation and exceptional bond inclusion being tallied into it. Segment data like the best ten managers in Texas and business and joblessness rates are additionally introduced in this measurable report. It closes with the capital resources and their activity in Texas. Therefore, these three areas are separated into an assortment of segments to make the CAFR of (Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts) which decides the assets and parity accessible to this territory of America. Legislative Accounting Standards Board (GASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Analysis paper The GASB is the model applied by the General Accepted Accounting Principles utilized at the government and state level in the United States. The FASB is likewise like this model since it also has been made to build up General Accounting Principles for the open enthusiasm of the nation. In any case, the thing that matters is that while GASB sets gauges for money related bookkeeping and announcing at the state and nearby government level, FASB does likewise work for the private division which incorporates not-for-benefit

How To Use Environmental Science Essay Samples For Writing Your Own Writing

How To Use Environmental Science Essay Samples For Writing Your Own WritingWhen you are done with the environmental science essay samples that you have created you should be able to see that they can assist you with understanding and analyzing the different aspects of your essay. You should also see that they can help you in your application when you are applying for your graduate level degree.When you are getting ready to write an environmental science essay sample that you will be submitting to colleges and universities, you should know that there are a number of different options that you can choose from. It is important to choose a topic that you think that you are going to be able to cover well. You can choose to take the essay and customize it according to the subject of your choice or you can use one that is already prepared for you.There are a number of different environmental science essay samples that are available to you. You should see that there are a number of different styles that you can choose from. If you take the time to select the topic that you want to use then you should see that it will be easier for you to compose your essay.If you have done your research on the different environmental science essay samples then you should see that the topic can vary from one sample to another. You should also know that there are two main topics that are going to be used when you are creating your essay. These two topics are the theme and the thesis statement.The theme of the essay will be the topic that you will use to frame your essay. When you choose a topic that is related to the theme of your essay then it is going to be easy for you to format the essay. You should understand that the theme of your essay is going to be what will be covered by your essay.The thesis statement is what you will use to write the paper. This is going to be the main point that you are going to focus on in your essay. When you are writing this section of your essay, you sho uld make sure that you create a specific sentence that describes the main points that you are going to use in your essay.You should see that when you are using the environmental science essay samples that you are able to use these two different elements in order to help you with writing your essay. When you choose the essay topic that you want to use then you should make sure that you do not pick one that is too broad. You should see that there are a number of different things that you should consider when you are selecting a topic.It is important to know that there are a number of different essay samples that are available for you to choose from when you are looking for essay samples that are designed to help you with writing your essay. When you are selecting the topics that you are going to use, you should try to make sure that you pick one that is going to be focused on the theme and the thesis statement. You should also see that you should narrow down your selections so that yo u are not selecting a topic that is too broad.

Modern Parenting Styles Are Essential For The Development...

Jennifer Martinez Period 1 November 20, 2015 Modern Parenting Strategies Parenting styles are essential for the development of children. Children learn what their parents teach them throughout their childhood, and carry it through their lifetime. In a parent’s perspective, they utilize the parenting strategy they believe will make their child successful. Many parents trust that their parenting styles are effective enough to prepare their children for 21st century challenges. Although some parents follow modern parenting strategies and may produce productive children, other parents do not acknowledge that their parenting strategies create negative effects in the development of their children s early ages, preventing them from developing into adults ready to take on the 21st century challenges. Throughout the world parents inculcate children with certain ideas and strategies which they feel will make their children successful. In a study conducted by Elinor Ochs, she observed the behavior of thirty-two middle class families of Los Angeles (Kolbert, 2012). In the course of the study Ochs noticed certain details of Western families, such as the children not contributing to the household with simple chores, and refusing even when parents begged. The Western parents had no control over their children, a scenario showing this was a father asking his eight year old son to go shower, but he refused. The father, tired of his son’s poor cooperation picked his son up, and placed him inShow MoreRelatedFear of Parenting for this Generation1240 Words   |  5 PagesFear of Parenting With the raise of internet and easily obtainable information, many soon to be parents are able to research all of their parenting questions. People in modern times fear becoming parents due to their lack in childcare experiences. Since the 1960’s, the United States birthrate has been gradually decreasing. The lower birthrate leads to fewer adults having childcare experiences as they did not growing up caring for little brothers or sisters. Many people fear that their personalityRead MoreRelationship Between Parenting Styles And Self Esteem Among Secondary School Students1870 Words   |  8 PagesRelationship between Parenting styles and Self Esteem among Secondary School Students Maria Ashraf Malik - M.Phil Scholar, Department of Education, National University of Modern Language Islamabad, Pakistan. Mariyamalik170@gmail.com Dr. Shazia Zamir - Assistant Professor, Department of Education, National University of Modern Language Islamabad, Pakistan. Abstract: Present study was descriptive correlational in nature. It was intended to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteemRead MoreFamily Upbringing As A Child And Personality Traits1412 Words   |  6 Pagesat your upbringing and learn why and how you have developed into the character you are today. This study seeks to explore the connections between family upbringing as a child and personality traits as an adult. How does parental involvement, parenting style, family dynamic, and childhood environment relate to a person’s personality? Can connections be made between specific upbringing environments and adult personality traits? There are many researchers who have studied the importance of earlyRead More Changing Family Structure in Modern Society Essay1900 Words   |  8 PagesThis essay will identify how modern day society is changing with regards to family structure in particular marriage, cohabitation, step families and lone parenting explaining how this may or may not impact on parenting practices in turn influencing the outcome of children and the formation of their identities. It will also discuss the Governments role in aiding families and protecting children with regard to current policies and procedures. Also the current perception of childhood and the increasingRead MoreOur Babies, Ourselves, By Meredith Small1752 Words   |  8 PagesOurselves she focuses on people’s social and psychological development through examining the different cultural aspects of raising a child. During this process she compares the American perspective of treating babies, to those of the Gusii and the Dutch. Throughout her examination many points are made that I believe can give the reader’s a valuable understanding of the impact of different means of parenthood on a child’s future development. First and foremost, I would like to examine the AmericanRead MorePositive Effects Of A Stable Biological Parents On Children Essay1852 Words   |  8 PagesParents on Children The debate on the type of family structure that has a positive influence on children has been widely contentious. In the recent years, the family structure has continued to change. Many people in the modern society have continued to change their attitudes when it comes to matters of marriage and raising children. There are more single parents in the society today as a result of divorce and separations. Consequently, this has contributed to an increase in the number of children broughtRead MoreThe Impacts of Homeschooling on Interpersonal Skills among University Students759 Words   |  3 Pagesquite numbers of studies related to interpersonal skills and socialization of homeschooling children including the positive impacts and also the negative impacts. According to Hatter (n.d.), homeschooling children are often expose to a various situations and people throughout educational activities by their parents. Thus, homeschoolers actually gain very essential experiences by interacting wi th adults and children from different ages that can prepare the homeschoolers for the reality world (Hatter, nRead MoreRelationship Between A Parent And A Child1841 Words   |  8 Pagesscenario where abuse or neglect is present, children may form a type of attachment know as Reactive Attachment Disorder, or RAD (Lehman, Jegtvig 2004). This disorder has profound implications for the child’s overall development. Defining Reactive Attachment Disorder Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) is a relational pattern characteristic of children who have learned not to trust, rely on, help, or love another human being (Lehman, Jegtvig 2004). Children who have developed this attachment do notRead MoreRelationship Between A Parent And Child1653 Words   |  7 Pagesother aspects of life such as work environment, parenting and social interactions. Review of Literature Childhood Communication is used to describe how people share information with others; their thoughts, feelings and emotions. At an early age, children learn words, facial expressions, vocal tones and gestures to communicate their needs and wants to a parent. This is the beginning and fundamental stage of building communication skills. Essential communication is first learned at home, betweenRead MoreThe Effects Of Children With Learning Disabilities On Their Families1867 Words   |  8 Pagessuch as â€Å"family stress, parenting discrepancies, negative reactions from extended family members, difficulty in interacting with the school, and mixed effects upon siblings† (Dyson, 2010). In this essay I will discuss the main points of Dyson’s article, â€Å"Unanticipated effects of children with learning disabilities on their families,† things I learned from the article, potential challenges and benefits for families, evaluate the influence of the cultural background of chil dren with high-incidence exceptionalities

Fort Mims Massacre in the Creek War

The Fort Mims Massacre took place on August 30, 1813, during the Creek War (1813-1814). Armies Commander United States Major Daniel BeasleyCaptain Dixon Bailey265 men Creeks Peter McQueenWilliam Weatherford750-1,000 men Background With the United States and Britain engaged in the War of 1812, the Upper Creek elected to join with the British in 1813 and began attacks on American settlements in the southeast. This decision was based on the actions of the Shawnee leader Tecumseh who had visited the area in 1811 calling for a Native American confederacy, intrigues from the Spanish in Florida, as well as resentment about encroaching American settlers. Known as the Red Sticks, mostly likely due to their red-painted war clubs, the Upper Creeks were led by notable chiefs such as Peter McQueen and William Weatherford (Red Eagle). Defeat at Burnt Corn In July 1813, McQueen led a band of Red Sticks to Pensacola, FL where they obtained arms from the Spanish. Learning of this, Colonel James Caller and Captain Dixon Bailey departed Fort Mims, AL with the goal of intercepting McQueens force. On July 27, Caller successfully ambushed the Creek warriors at the Battle of Burnt Corn. As the Red Sticks fled into the swamps around Burnt Corn Creek, the Americans paused to loot the enemys camp. Seeing this, McQueen rallied his warriors and counterattacked. Overwhelmed, Callers men were forced to retreat. The American Defenses Angered by the attack at Burnt Corn Creek, McQueen began planning an operation against Fort Mims. Constructed on high ground near Lake Tensaw, Fort Mims was situated on the east bank of the Alabama River north of Mobile. Consisting of a stockade, blockhouse, and sixteen other buildings, Fort Mims provided protection for over 500 people including a militia force numbering approximately 265 men. Commanded by Major Daniel Beasley, a lawyer by trade, many of the forts inhabitants, including Dixon Bailey, were mixed-race and part Creek. Warnings Ignored Though encouraged to improve Fort Mims defenses by Brigadier General Ferdinand L. Claiborne, Beasley was slow to act. Advancing west, McQueen was joined by the noted chief William Weatherford (Red Eagle). Possessing around 750-1,000 warriors, they moved towards the American outpost and reached a point six miles away on August 29. Taking cover in tall grass, the Creek force was spotted by two slaves who were tending cattle. Racing back to the fort, they informed Beasley of the enemys approach. Though Beasley dispatched mounted scouts, they failed to find any trace of the Red Sticks. Angered, Beasley ordered the slaves punished for providing false information. Moving closer through the afternoon, the Creek force was nearly in place by nightfall. After dark, Weatherford and two warriors approached the forts walls and scouted the interior by looking through the loopholes in the stockade. Finding that the guard was lax, they also noticed that the main gate was open as it was blocked from completely closing by a bank of sand. Returning to the main Red Stick force, Weatherford planned the attack for the next day. Blood in the Stockade The next morning, Beasley was again alerted to the approach of a Creek force by local scout James Cornells. Disregarding this report, he attempted to have Cornells arrested, but the scout rapidly departed the fort. Around noon, the forts drummer summoned the garrison for the midday meal. This was used as the attack signal by the Creek. Surging forward, they rapidly advanced on the fort with many of the warriors taking control of the loopholes in the stockade and opening fire. This provided cover for others who successfully breached the open gate. The first Creeks to enter the fort were four warriors who had been blessed to become invincible to bullets. Though they were struck down, they briefly delayed the garrison while their comrades poured into the fort. Though some later claimed he had been drinking, Beasley attempted to rally a defense at the gate and was struck down early in the fighting. Taking command, Bailey and the forts garrison occupied its inner defenses and buildings. Mounting a stubborn defense, they slowed the Red Stick onslaught. Unable to force the Red Sticks out of the fort, Bailey found his men gradually being pushed back. As the militia fought for control of the fort, many of the settlers were struck down by the Red Sticks including women and children. Using flaming arrows, the Red Sticks were able to force the defenders from forts buildings. Sometime after 3:00 PM, Bailey and his remaining men were driven from two buildings along the forts north wall and killed. Elsewhere, some of the garrison was able to break through the stockade and escape. With the collapse of organized resistance, the Red Sticks began a wholesale massacre of the surviving settlers and militia. Aftermath Some reports indicate that Weatherford attempted to halt the killing but was unable to bring the warriors under control. The Red Sticks blood lust may have been partially fueled by a false rumor which stated that the British would pay five dollars for each white scalp delivered to Pensacola. When the killing ended, as many as 517 settlers and soldiers had been struck down. Red Stick losses are not known with any precision and estimates vary from as low as 50 killed to as high as 400. While the whites at Fort Mims were largely killed, the Red Sticks spared the forts slaves and took them as their own. The Fort Mims Massacre stunned the American public and Claiborne was criticized for his handling of the frontier defenses. Beginning that fall, an organized campaign to defeat the Red Sticks commenced using a mix of US regulars and militia. These efforts culminated in March 1814 when Major General Andrew Jackson decisively defeated the Red Sticks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. In the wake of the defeat, Weatherford approached Jackson seeking peace. After brief negotiations, the two concluded the Treaty of Fort Jackson which ended the war in August 1814. Selected Sources Fort Mims MassacreFort Mims Restoration Association

Challenges of Development in Sumer and Egypt Essay

An analysis of the two civilizations, Sumer and Egypt reveals one challenge facing human social development: geography and environmental features tend to shape the patterns of civilizations. Although the civilization of Sumer was prosperous and powerful, its geographical features ultimately weakened Sumer, exposing its vulnerability to invasion by neighboring civilizations. Egypt was similar to Mesopotamian civilizations in many ways, but Egypt’s distinct differences led to a distinguished social systems: government, economic, and religion that contributed to the seemingly endless prosperity of the Egyptians. The Sumerians eventually fell to those civilizations that prevailed with more favoring topographic assets. Sumer was†¦show more content†¦Military was a strong aspect since Sumer had no known natural barriers. The economy used crops as a form of money, as well as trade being important since Sumer had little natural resources. To fully utilize natural resources, the Sumerians created many inventions that lead to evolutionary advancements with technology. Bronze weapons were replaced with Iron, the invention of the plow and eventual domestication of animals for agricultural purposes, and the sailboat, which was used as a mode of transportation for the trade of goods among neighboring civilizations. Among the most important inventions was the use of simple clay, the foundation of an organized communication system among the Sumerians made up of symbols, known as cuneiform. The output of knowledge by the Sumerians, despite harsh geographical circumstances, gave way as an influential role for growth and development in other civilizations such as Egypt with the invention of hieroglyphics, along the way. Similar to Sumer, Egypt was referred to as a â€Å"river valley civilization.† Egypt was divided into two geographical parts, Upper and Lower Egypt. Lower Egypt was located at the Delta of the Nile River. This was the location of Egypt’s major cities. Upper Egypt contained small populations for rural farmland located more upstream. Natural Resources include stone, metals, timber, and mud. Natural barriers for the Egyptians includedShow MoreRelatedComparing Ancient Egypt And Sumer1236 Words   |  5 Pagestwo very impressive civilizations, Egypt and Sumer, took shape around the same time. This proximity provided them with remarkable similarities, yet a copious amount of differences still grew between the two areas. Largely due to their access to resources and environment, the communities grew in very different manners, which led to differences in political development, as well as their leaders, which in turn affected their overall success. In regards to Sumer, it flourished in the area of MesopotamiaRead MoreThe And The Babylonian Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesRight now no history of the Euphrates valley can be composed without giving them a huge place in that. Sumerian comes from the word Sumer which was the main urban human progress in the verifiable district of southern Mesopotamia, cutting edge southern Iraq, amid the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and ostensibly the principal development on the planet with Ancient Egypt. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian ranchers could grow a plenitude of grain and different yields, theRead MoreMesopotamian Civilization1351 Words   |  6 Pagesforth the invention of methods and ideas that overtime increased and spiraled into the creation of a higher human society. Nature threatened the Sumerians with the very essentials needed to help sustain life. They were shadowed by the constant challenge of floods, droughts, winds, and heat. Faced with these hardships, they took the sources that made them vulnerable and invented ingenious methods and strategies to overcome their complex situation. The construction of canals, reservoirs, damsRead MoreExchange of Information Between Sumer Egypt and India Essay examples2068 Words   |  9 PagesExchange of Information Between Sumer Egypt and India Civilizations in the past developed many of their own characteristics and traits. New religions were brought about, as well as cultural behavior. Inventions were created and practices were discovered to help in daily life. People also fashioned ways to communicate with each other. As these societies grew, they exchanged much of this knowledge with later civilizations. The people of Sumer, Egypt, and India had individual beliefsRead MoreRiver Dynasties in China3135 Words   |  13 PagesTERMS NAMES †¢ loess †¢ oracle bone †¢ Mandate of Heaven †¢ dynastic cycle †¢ feudalism SETTING THE STAGE The walls of China’s first cities were built 4,000 years ago. This was at least a thousand years after the walls of Ur, the great pyramids of Egypt, and the planned cities of the Indus Valley were built. Unlike the other three river valley civilizations, the civilization that began along one of China’s river systems continues to thrive today. TAKING NOTES Following Chronological Order On a timeRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pagescivilization have on later Indian religious and social practices? EARLY CHINESE CIVILIZATION page 23 WHY DID large territorial states arise in ancient China? THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION IN THE AMERICAS page 27 HOW DID agriculture influence the development of civilizations in Mesoamerica? 1 he earliest humans lived by hunting, fishing, and collecting wild plants. Around 10,000 years ago, they learned to cultivate plants, herd animals, and make airtight pottery for storage. These discoveries transformedRead MoreGlobalization Is The Process Of International Integration6873 Words   |  28 Pagesis the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of culture. Advances in transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, including the rise of the telegraph and its development the Internet, are major factors in globalization, generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities. Though scholars place the origins of globalization in modern times, others trace its history long before the European Age ofRead MoreBusiness Environment of Pre-British India13645 Words   |  55 Pagesgreat inland port. There is evidence of trade with the people of South, Central and North-Western India (Kashmir, Nilgiris, Mysore, etc.) and also with certain foreign kingdoms especially Sumer, Elam (through both land and sea). Harappan seals and articles have been found in places as far as West Asia and Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Gulf. They not only exported goods, but also imported precious metals like silver from West Asia. There existed an accurate system of weights and measurements. Cubical

Jeff is sitting with a group of children a coupl Essay Example For Students

Jeff is sitting with a group of children a coupl Essay e of counselors doing an inside activity. It appears that the counselor is singing a song that is interactive with the children. Jeff appears to be very active full of energy. When he is called to stand up he jumps up down spins around erratically. As he is sitting down he is continuously talking to the counselor on his left or the girl on his right. He is filling his cheeks with air is pushing it from side to side. He is constantly rubbing his feat on the rug or crossing uncrossing his legs. He appears to be very anxious. The children have these little rectangles of rug that they are sitting on. Jeff is pulling it over his head hugging it while focusing on the counselor. Hes starting to chew on it ; rubbing his face on it. All of a sudden he gets up ; runs across the room ; with two hands he slams the rug into the storage box where it belongs. He then runs back across the room towards the restroom ; pushes himself in front of two other children. He apparently is using the rest room. A counselor is helping him wash ; dry his hands. He then runs across the room ; pretends to bounce off a refrigerator ; over to a table with a few other kids ; a counselor. He grabs something off the table ; the counselor says no! There is no real expression of surprise on his face. He then runs over towards the locker, stops, walks backwards for a few steps, spins around then grabs a backpack. He is smiling the whole time. He then trots back to the table with a big grin on his face ; says, I want to show you something. When it appears that no one is paying attention he leans on his backpack like its a pillow. He is rocking back forth watching everyone at the table. He then unzips his multi-colored backpack and says, I have a special treat! He holds up something wrapped in paper. The counselor pushes a bowl towards him he puts his treat down. He reaches into the bowl starts eating the contents.He grabs a small pitcher of water that the counselor has filled up starts to pou r himself a glass. He then fills the childs glass to the right of him ; then to the left. He seems very proud of himself. He then grabs his package ; tells everyone that hell share it with them. He continues to eat drink. The whole time he is talking but it doesnt seem to be directed to anyone in particular. He starts to play the drums lightly on the table. The counselor starts to read the children a book. He appears to become very attentive. All of a sudden he appears to be very anxious. Hes kind of pointing at the book looks like he wants to say something but doesnt want to interrupt the counselor. He gets a chance ; starts to say something but is cut off by the counselor. He waits a bit longer ; then says, its like breast milk, you put that thing on then push it, as he makes a gesture like hes pushing his chest on the left hand side. He continues to listen very studiously. He appears to be the most vocal of this small group of children at the table. He continues to eat drink w hile listening to the story. He begins to lean forward on the table as to get a better look then knocks over his water. He says, oh oh! He lifts the boy to his lefts arm starts to wipe it up with his napkin. The counselor hands him a sponge he starts to sop up the water but is actually pushing it off the table onto the floor. Another counselor walks up to the table starts to talk to Jeff. He appears to be listening very intently. When the counselor walks away Jeff reaches over to the boy on his right, touches his nose smiles. He grabs the water pitcher refills his glass. He takes the sponge squeezes the water into the food bowl. The counselor says, not that one, and slides him another bowl. He squeezes it into that bowl. The counselor begins to read to them again. Jeff listens intently. He appears to be very verbal. He continually voices his opinions thoughts. He gets another napkin starts to clean again. Another counselor comes up asks him about his package. He picks up h is package that is all wet now, looks at it then puts it on the floor behind him looks at it. He again focuses on the counselor that is reading to them. He props his head up by putting his chin on both hands. He seems to move back forth a lot. While he is listening he chews on his fingers plays with his mouth. Even though he is listening to the counselor very closely he still appears very active. He looks down at the ground, I believe at his package, then back at the teacher. The boy to the right taps him on the arm but Jeff appears to ignore him. The boy persists, then Jeff looks at him then lightly slaps the boys face, then focuses back on the teacher. .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 , .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 .postImageUrl , .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 , .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3:hover , .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3:visited , .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3:active { border:0!important; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3:active , .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3 .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc9c7ab28e0329e5fee6e1dc0beec56b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bipolar Disorder Essay

An Examination of the Poetry of Anne Bradstreet Flashcard

An Examination of the Poetry of Anne Bradstreet

Why Profit Does Not Equal Cash Essay Essays

Why Profit Does Not Equal Cash Essay Essays Why Profit Does Not Equal Cash Essay Essay Why Profit Does Not Equal Cash Essay Essay Why is net income non equal to hard currency coming in? Some differences such as loans received which do non impact the net income and loss statement are reasonably obvious. Others may non be as obvious but you can interrupt them down into three chief countries: – Revenue is booked at sale. In many instances a sale is recorded for accounting intents in the net income and loss statement when a company delivers a merchandise or service. In many instances. no hard currency has been exchanged at the clip of sale since clients typically have a declared figure of yearss to pay. So. since net income is partly determined by gross. a constituent of that net income reflects a customer’s promise to pay. Cash flow reflects merely hard currency really received. – Expenses are matched to gross. An overruling accounting rule is to fit the costs and disbursals associated with the grosss generated during a given clip period. The disbursals charged to the income statement may non be those that were really paid during that period. Many will be paid subsequently when they are invoiced by a seller. Cash flow reflects the hard currency that really went out the door during a period. – Capital outgos do non number against net income straight. A capital outgo does non look on the income statement when it occurs. It is merely the depreciation that is charged against gross over clip which is based on the utile life of the point that was purchased. The hard currency flow reflects a different narrative as most points are paid for long before they may be to the full depreciated on the net income and loss statement. It is true that in mature. good managed companies. hard currency flow will more closely track net net income. Receivables may be collected on a timely footing. payables will be paid. and capital outgos will be incurred in line with depreciation charges. However. until an entity reaches. and more significantly is able to pull off to. such a province. all kinds of mayhem can take topographic point. It is really easy to make a province where there is net income without hard currency. This is The Danger Zone. It is besides of import to maintain in head that you may run into a state of affairs where you have good hard currency flow without net income. Say you are a retail merchant and roll up hard currency at sale. Your disbursals may be paid to sellers at a ulterior clip which may lull an proprietor into a false sense of wellness. The hard currency flow statement may look all right as the concern is turning. but if borders and disbursals are ill managed. the proprietor may happen themselves in an unprofitable state of affairs which can non perpetuate a healthy concern. What Are the Differences Between Straight Line. Double-Declining Balance A ; Unit of measurements of Production? Depreciation is the allotment of an asset’s cost over its utile life. A company may take from different methods of depreciation for fiscal coverage intents. Straight line. double-declining balance and units of production are three such methods. Each method differs in the manner it allocates an asset’s cost. which can impact your little business’ net income. Purpose of Depreciation Accrual-based accounting requires a concern to fit the disbursals it incurs with the grosss it generates each accounting period. Because a long-run plus. such as a piece of equipment. contributes toward grosss over many accounting periods. a company spreads the asset’s cost over its utile life utilizing depreciation. This creates a depreciation disbursal on the income statement each accounting period equal to a part of the asset’s cost alternatively of making an disbursal for the full cost all at one time. Timing Differences Each method of depreciation depreciates an plus by the same overall sum over the asset’s life. but each method does so on a different agenda. The straight-line method depreciates an plus by an equal sum each accounting period. The cut downing balance method allocates a greater sum of depreciation in the earlier old ages of an asset’s life than in the ulterior old ages. Different Uses A concern chooses the method of depreciation that best lucifers an asset’s form of usage in its concern. A company may utilize the straight-line method for an plus it uses systematically each accounting period. such as a edifice. Reducing balance may be appropriate for an plus that generates a higher quality of end product in its earlier old ages than in its ulterior years/ loss efficiency. Different Effectss on Net income Depreciation disbursal reduces a business’ net income on its income statement. While the straight-line method reduces net income by the same sum each accounting period. the other two methods cause a company’s net income to fluctuate with all else being equal. The double-declining-balance method causes lower net income in the earlier old ages of an asset’s life than in the ulterior old ages due to the greater depreciation disbursal in the earlier old ages. Units-of-production may do unpredictable net income swings based on the sum of end product an plus generates.

Human Resource Management- Hilton Hotel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Human Resource Management- Hilton Hotel - Essay Example Recruitment and Retention of the workforce 20 b. Well being and Happiness at work 21 Introduction Managing humans has always been at the centre of a number of real-life management issues within an organization. The concept ‘human resource management’ has been introduced allowing enough debate to emerge in this arena. According to Storey, â€Å"the concept is shrouded in the managerial hype and its underlying philosophy and character is highly controversial because it lacks precise formulation and agreement as to its significance† (Bratton & Gold, 2001,p.1). The management of human resource has been significant for the success of any organization. Human resource management emphasizes that the employees are key factors driving sustainable growth of the organization given them the competitive advantage over its competitors. In theory, the human resource management is not pretty different from the management of other resources. However, what establishes the different is the type of resource, the people in the organization. Human beings can be seemed as the creative as well as complex resource whose behavior can be influenced by a number of different factors merging either from the internal as well as surrounding environment. Human resource management has various areas like recruitment and selection, training, employee welfare and retention. Each of these segments is important to make the human resources as a competitive advantage for an organization. Moreover, it cannot be denied that in hospitality industry the most crucial resource is the people who are responsible for the service and interact with the guests on a regular basis. So the topic is pretty significant as hotel industry is one of those industries in which human resources are thought to be most crucial for survival. This report is an effort to discuss and analyze the human resource management in Hilton hotel. This report will start off with the brief overview of the organization. In the later segments, the discussion and analysis would be carried out regarding the people management approaches, policies, practices, issues in the human resource management in Hilton hotel. The focus has been kept in two chosen areas including recruitment and retention of the workforce and well being and happiness at work. The research methodology has been discussed in the next chapters with an introduction to the data collection and analysis. In this chapter, an analysis has been done to have an insight into the emerging issues in the arena of human resource management in Hilton hotel. Effort has been put not only to discuss the techniques and tactics used in the human resource management, but also the issue and the way to resolve the same. A conclusion has been inferred from the analysis part with mention of the recommendations which are expected to enhance the human resource management further to increase the effectiveness of the critical resource in Hilton hotel. Brief Overview of Hilton Hotel Hilton Hotel has earned a huge amount of popularity in the hotel industry segment taken in an international context. The hotel company has successfully been able to internationalize its operations through extending its network to around 76 countries spread around the world. Hilton Hotel by operating through a network of six continents has been able to address the needs of its international customers through the creation of around 530 hotel outlets. The hotel and resort properties of

Davis v. The Board of County Commissioners of Doa Ana County Essay

Davis v. The Board of County Commissioners of Doa Ana County - Essay Example This made Herrera resign from his work in order to evade the disciplinary action. After a few days, the supervisor wrote a letter on behalf of Herrera to the MVH revealing that Herrera was an excellent worker arguing that he was confident that other prospective employees will notice (Walsh (2010, p. 148). Another supervisor of the Detention Centre made some verbal references that praised Herrera as a good worker who will contribute to effective organization performance. This made the plaintiff, the third party in this case to sue the Detention County for negligent misinterpretations of providing misleading information. This misinformation was provided by Mochen and Steele, employees at the Detention Center, which enabled Herrera to be employed again at the MVH. This legal issue was seen as a threat to employee; thus the plaintiff to be assaulted; hence sorted to accuse the board of county commissioners of Dona Ana County. The court concludes that Dona Ana Country deserves to be accountable for negligent referral (misinterpretation) due to positive references. When Herrera got a position as mental health technician, he was allegedly accused of sex assault by the plaintiff and physically abused female patients. In case an organization provides misleading references that can contribute to harm of employees in the new job, the jurisdictions have the right to sue that organization for negligent referral. According to Kohn, Kohn and Colapinto (2004), the court of appeal has the right to judge Steele and Mochen for not taking into considerations the harm caused to the third party and the risk that may be encountered in the end. The government has laws that protect all employees and the third parties in an organization from any harm imposed upon them. The US departments of Labor and its divisions have varied laws, which can shield third parties or employees in the workplace. Cases of negligent or a misinterp retation of any information provided

Principles of Assessment Essay Example for Free

Principles of Assessment Essay Educational assessment is the process of documenting, usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. Assessment can focus on the individual learner, the learning community (class, workshop, or other organized group of learners), the institution, or the educational system as a whole. According to the Academic Exchange Quarterly: Studies of a theoretical or empirical nature (including case studies, portfolio studies, exploratory, or experimental work) addressing the assessment of learner aptitude and preparation, motivation and learning styles, learning outcomes in achievement and satisfaction in different educational contexts are all welcome, as are studies addressing issues of measurable standards and benchmarks. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Educational_assessment Some of the key concepts of assessment are as follows: * Accountability * Achievement * Assessment Strategies. * Initial, Formative or Summative types Accountability means that I am answerable to my learners and my organisation to ensure that I am performing my role as an assessor correctly. I always let my learners know when they are going to be assessed and how they will meet the criteria. Achievement- I will look at what the learner has achieved while they have been doing the course and compare this with the standards to ensure they have been fully met. Assessment Strategy- I follow my organisations assessment strategy for the subject I am assessing to ensure I am carrying out my role correctly. The assessment strategy I follow for NVQ2 in Cleaning is: * UPK questions * Observations * Progress Review * Supplementary questions * Exit Interview. The qualifications and experience I require are A1 V1 and experience in the cleaning industry. Formal Assessment * Ongoing during a course * It enables progress to be regularly monitored and reviewed * The student can see what they need to develop further before a final assessment * A student can identify gaps in their learning * It shows a student how much they have learnt so far which encourages and motivates them Methods of Formal Assessment. * Tracking Sheet * Observations * Tutorials * Midway Review * Oral Questions Summative Assessment * Usually taken at the end of the course * Usually leads to a pass/fail situation * Tests whether performance criteria have been met Methods of Summative Assessment * Exit Interview * Portfolio Completion * Demonstration * Summative Testing * Evaluation Form â€Å"Summative assessment takes place at the end of a course or topic and is used mainly for certification purposes. It is used to see if a student has learned the material and is capable of going on to further study. † Formative assessment is most suitable where the results are to be used internally for example: Teachers to ensure learning has taken place and for improving methods of instruction and for students to have an idea of their success etc whilst summative assessment can be set by the teacher or by an awarding body/examination body. When making a summative decision I confirm to my learners that they have met the criteria. They may receive a certificate as with NVQ2 or progress further with their training. Summative assessment takes place at the end of a course or topic and is used mainly for certification purposes. Formative assessment, on the other hand, takes place during the course and is useful in telling the student how the learning is proceeding. Reece Walker 2007p323. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSESS Formative Assessment Formative Assessment Role Play Make learners uncomfortable Physical demonstration of ability Embarrassed Not Realistic Summative Assessment Summative Assessment Demonstration Make learners feel uncomfortable Authentic Realistic Valid The assessment practice starts with initial assessment before the course starts. It may happen at pre- entry, entry or induction stage. The initial assessment will inform you about the learner’s prior knowledge, skills, qualifications, learning styles and any support learner may need. When you have found out the current level of ability you can then set goals, plan future learning and assessment. There are different types of initial assessment: Enrolment Form- shows what qualifications the learner has if they have special needs. Interview when you interview the learner you will be able to ask many questions. Skills Scan the skills scan will tell you if the learner is in employment what there job requires and if they will need additional training. Diagnostic Tests will inform you if the learner has difficulty in reading or writing. You may be able to tell if a person has dyslexia as they will have blurred vision, suffer from headaches when reading and they find it easier to read large print. To help them with reading you can print on to coloured paper or have a coloured overlay. 10% of the British population are dyslexic, 4% severely. Dyslexia is identified as a disability as defined in the Disability Discrimination Act 2005. Some of the famous people who suffer from dyslexia are: Albert Einstein Tom Cruise Henry Winkler. Vince Vaughn (British dyslexia Association www. bdadyslexia. org. uk, (11/07/11 I have taught learners who have learning difficulties including deaf people, people who have difficulty in reading and writing and understanding. ILP It states on the ILP what qualifications a learner has, the results of diagnostic tests and if they require additional support, what units they are doing, midway review and exit interview. Learning styles is recognising individuality in your class it is the way in which learners begin to concentrate on and process and retain new and difficult information. There are different types of learning styles: David Kolb’s Converger, Diverger, Assimilator, Accommodator Honey and Mumford’s Having an Experience, Reviewing Experience, Concluding from Experience Planning next steps Fleming Vak/Varks Visual, Auditory, read/write, Kinaesthetic. Wikipedia the free encyclopaedia En. wikipedia. org/wiki/learning styles 11/07/011 Learning style is the way that you absorb information 1 We decode 2 How you store information 3 Recall information Learning style is how we receive and recall information. We can absorb information through our senses, hearing, seeing and doing. In my role I use all of the styles of Fleming. In further education if there is no initial assessment this will disadvantage the learners as they may be placed on the wrong program or course, which will lead to lack of interest and little motivation if any, they may not get additional support and the teacher will have no baseline to assess their progress. Peer and Self Assessment Self or Peer Assessment is a process whereby students or their peers grade assignments or tests based on a teacher’s benchmarks. [1] The practise is employed to save teachers time and improve students understanding of course materials as well as improve their metacognitive skills. Rubrics are often used in conjunction with Self- and Peer-Assessment. [2] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Self-_and_Peer-Assessment 12/07/11 Peer assessment is when the learners or colleagues assess another learners or colleagues progress. It is used to develop learner’s ability to work as a group and to be critical of others work as well as receiving review and comment. Self assessment is when you assess your own progress. Both methods encourage the learners to make decisions on what they have learnt so far and to reflect on future development. The learners need to know the criteria fully. Advantages Disadvantages Peer Assessment Peer Assessment Can reduce the amount of teacher assessment. All peers need to be involved So planning needs to take place As who gives feedback and to Whom. Learners may accept comments from peers Appropriate conditions and More willingly than from the assessor environment are needed Promotes learner and peer involvement some peers may be anxious, Nervous or have lack of confidence To give feedback. Self Assessment Self Assessment Encourages learners to check Difficult to be objective when Their own progress making a decision Encourages reflection Learners need to fully understand Promotes learner involvement the assessment criteria. And personal responsibilities some learners may lack Confidence in their ability to make Decisions about their own progress What research tells us? * Giving feedback on learning errors and getting the learner to correct them and identify strategies to improve future work is directly linked to significant improvement in achievement rates. (Professor John Hattie, 2002) Assessment should involve both teacher and learners in checking and reflection. Feedback is very important not only to learners but to the teachers from the feedback teachers can decide whether they have to change anything. Feedback and Questioning Feedback is information we give our learners to let them know what they have achieved to date and how they can develop further all learners need to know how they are progressing and what they have achieved. Feedback can be both formative and summative. Formative is ongoing and includes praise and encouragement. Summative is at the end has the learner achieved to specific criteria. Feedback should be a two-way process allowing discussion and questions. Most people need encouragement to tell them how well they have done or how well they are doing when you give feedback you should give praise first then how they can improve then end on a positive note to give them motivation. This is known as the praise sandwich. http://www. google. co. uk/search? q=feedback+sandwichhl=enprmd=ivnsbsource=lnmstbm=ischei=vXQcTsrxHNKwhQepndXdBwsa=Xoi=m 12/07/11 The advantages of giving feedback are: Confirms achievement, success or otherwise Creates opportunities for explaining and discussion Highlights progress rather than failure. Helps improve confidence and motivation Identifies further learning opportunities or any action required. Feedback should be given as soon as possible after the assessment while the information is still fresh. Questioning can be used formally and informally as part of the feedback to ensure the learner understands what has been said. My response should question appropriate questioning skills so the feedback is effective to the learner. Questioning skills include: * Using open questions (usually beginning with who, what, when, where, why and how). * Using closed questions (only requiring a yes or no answer). * Clarifying (for example can you go over that again? ). * Probing (for example why was that? ) * Prompting (for example what about†¦? ) Feedback should were possible be positive negative feedback presents learners with difficult and unachievable targets or naming and making learners embarrassed in the classroom. You should never criticise always praise and if the teacher makes a mistake he/she should be honest and apologise. Record Keeping Accurate records that are taken through out a course enable the teacher and learner to continually assess the effectiveness of the teacher/learner relationship. Records indicate whether pupils are learning what they are being taught and their progression with the course, records can tell you which learners may need a little more help, and whether a teacher needs to refine any aspects of their teaching. Maintaining attendance records can give an idea of where learners may fall behind through their learning. Being able to identify learners attendance can indicate problems which may benefit from referral to other professional bodies, or a learner may be unhappy with the teaching style or the course they have chosen. As well as a register a tracking sheet of all learners names, forming columns starting with a date, the assessment and a column for a pass or refer, in cleaning you are competent or not yet competent. These tracking sheets are recorded and form part of the learner’s portfolio along with any practical tasks and also a guide for the learners to follow through their course. When learners begin their course its good for them to have their own individual learning plan as a teacher its good to have our own individual teaching plan. A session plan should relate to the scheme of work, it helps to record your aims and objectives, assessment activities and self evaluation. It can also help to assess your learners. As a teacher my responsibility is to teach and guide and assess my learners. Records can be used as a guide for learners focusing on their learning strengths and weaknesses, where they do well or could do better. There are organisational records and external records. Organisational records: * Enrolment form * ILP * Learners record of achievement * Peer group feedback * Tutor feedback * Incident report * Observation records. * Contact Logs The types of records I use are: * Enrolment form * ILP * Learners record of achievement * Observation records * Contact Logs â€Å"You need to keep records of how your learners are progressing. If you mark a test or observe a task, how can you prove your learner has achieved something if they lose their work†? (Gravells 2008p88) JOIN NOW FOR FREE RATIONALE METHODOLOGY Wishing to gain a broad balance to my teaching experience, I started working as an assessor at Swan Training Group. The following assignment will cover the following areas: Negotiating with learners Inclusive learning. Integrating Functional skills Communication I have researched all of the above and this written assignment will be a short overview of the main areas using examples from both research and personal experience. Negotiating with learners is a form of communication where cooperation is established so that the learner and tutor agree on the learner’s goals; negotiation is the process of two individuals or groups reaching a joint agreement. When you have got all the information via initial assessment at the start of the course it is important to agree on goals and actions based on the information. The learner should be encouraged through negotiation to take control and responsibility for their own learning by contributing in discussions and decisions about their learning and how this will develop. Also in initial assessment you can include tests for literacy and numeracy to see what level learner is at and if they will require additional help. In my specialist area I integrate functional skills as the learners need to use literacy and numeracy to read labels and dilute chemicals, complete upk questions, order supplies, complete holiday sheets. Inclusive learning is described as recognising, accommodating and meeting the learner’s needs of all of the students and supporting them in the learning environment. All learners are allowed to take part in their chosen subject and should be placed in the best possible environment regardless of their gender, race, ethnic origin, religion, disability, sexual orientation and age. Communication is very important and we not only communicate by speaking we communicate through our eyes, gestures and body language. There are also many barriers to communication such as: Family Commitments Lack of Resources Lack of Support. Peer Pressure Emotional Disability and many more. To overcome these barriers you must be honest with the learners if you do not know something you should tell them you will find out, be positive and enthusiastic, communicate effectively and give constructive and positive feedback. I am learner centred as I pay attention to what the learner is learning, how they are learning, whether the student is retaining and applying the learning. I like to teach this way so all of the learners can participate and differences between learners are accommodated so that all in the group have the best possible chance of learning.

A report on Value Added Tax Essay -- Economics

A report on Value Added Tax Introduction Value Added Tax originated in France in 1954 and is under implementation in more than hundred countries. Value Added Tax is perceived by many as means to promote neutrality and uniformity of tax burden and to provide incentives for increased productivity and industrialization. The spread of VAT to the developed and the developing countries alike certainly, makes for an interesting study. Financial Times (London) too stressed the growing importance of VAT when it observed in its centennial review â€Å"The economic and technological changes of the second half of the century have made VAT the quintessential modern tax†. It will not be an exaggeration if one were to say that the emergence of the VAT as an important and elastic source of revenue over the last four decades is unparalleled in the history of taxation. Despite the widespread proclamation of VAT, there have been difficulties in implementing VAT in its true spirit like in the case of Argentina, Brazil, Canada and India. VAT has been introduced in more than 120 countries – developed, developing and those economies, which are in transition. There have also been attempts to introduce Value Added Tax in USA, which however has preferred to retain the Retail Sales Tax system. Yet, those difficulties notwithstanding, it can be said that Value Added Tax system definitely has its advantages and is certainly recommended for most economies, particularly the developing ones. Definition â€Å"Value Added Tax is a tax on the value added at each stage of production and distribution process and can be aptly defined as one of the forms of consumption taxation since the value added by a firm represents the difference between its receipts and cost of purchased inputs.† Need for VAT Value Added Tax is one of the most radical reforms that have been proposed for the Indian economy after years of political and economic debate. The reasons for advocating Value Added Tax is that it will replace a complicated tax structure that will also do away with the fraudulent practices. Following are some of the most important benefits if VAT is introduced. †¢ VAT will encourage and result in a better-administered system that will close avenues of tax evasion. The taxpayers will also be compelled to keep proper records of their sales and purchases. VAT .. ...center for the revenue loss for states from the change over. The center has ensured that this will not be so and has assured compensation in case of deficits. If VAT system is adopted there would be no exemptions or incentives. This can adversely affect some business houses. To crown all this there was also political opposition fearing disfavor of the trading community and the resulting political fallout. VAT – the way forward In order to make the VAT a thorough success following could be few suggestions. * The deadline for all legislations and computerizations should be same across the states. * VAT should be implemented by all the states at the same time. * Laws regarding VAT should be uniform across all the states and there should be no disparity among the states. * There should be a monitoring mechanism at the central to overlook the new system. * A lot of changes have to be made in ancillary legislation (income tax, company law etc.) to ensure VAT compatibility. Bibliography 1. www.ciionline.org 2. The Indian Express dt. June 24, 2004 3. The Economic Times dt. 10-03-04, 15-06-04, 18-06-04 & 27-07-04 4. Magazines & journals

Fantasy in 20th Century Children’s Literature

Most critics agree that children’s literature is a diverse paradoxical area of study combining different literary genres. Like the concept of childhood, children’s literature is a social and cultural concept that evolves over time. Since the fourteenth century, children’s literature has gone through different literary periods each defined by its own divisions and genres. Many children’s novels, such as J. M. Barrie’s Peter and Wendy, and C. S. Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe were published in the twentieth century and became classics. These books were marked with an increased diversity of literary genres such as mystery and fantasy literature. Fantasy literature has been a dominant literary genre in twentieth century children’s literature, particularly in Barrie’s and Lewis’s novels. In general, as a genre, fantasy literature integrates imaginative elements that shift away from reality into a secondary world . Fantasy literature in the twentieth century, namely in Barrie’s Peter and Wendy and Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch and the Wadrobe serves to help children develop vast imagination, and through imagination it allows children to understand and resolve real-world social issues. Doubtless, most people would be able to name some of the features of fantasy literature. Richard Mathews in his book Fantasy: The Liberation of Imagination describes fantasy as a distinct literary genre that may be best thought of as a â€Å"fiction that elicits wonder through elements of the supernatural or impossible† (Matthews 2). Fantasy literature assumes the existence of supernatural elements within the framework of a certain text. These supernatural elements can exist in many locations throughout the text: they may be buried in, or leak into the apparent real world setting, the case of the boy character Peter Pan and his fairy Tinker Bell in Barrie’s Peter and Wendy. Supernatural elements may also appear in a secondary world where characters are drawn into a world with such fantastical elements. Narnia in Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is an example of such setting. The fictional realm of Narnia contains various mythical creatures, and magical occurrences. Narnian inhabitants such as Tumnus and the White Witch are themselves supernatural creatures with unusual traits often seen in European mythology and preceding British fairy tales. Fantasy literature can be categorized into two main sub-genres; high fantasy, which consists of a distinct entirely fictional secondary world, and low fantasy, characterized by being set in the real or primary world with the inclusion of supernatural elements. In almost all cases, supernatural elements shift events away from reality. The secondary world operates according to its own rules and altered laws of reality, different in many ways from those in the primary world. Fantasy and supernatural occurrences in the secondary world are depicted as being â€Å"natural† within its boundaries. This feature is important in keeping the secondary world internally consistent. To maintain this inner uniformity, fantasy in this modified world must be realistic. Improbable fantastical events must appear probable within the framework of rules and laws in the secondary world. As Aristotle puts it, â€Å"you can have a text that is improbable with reality as long as it is consistent. As long as the improbable is consistent, then fantasy is realistic†. Probable fantasy in the imaginative world is hence an essential prerequisite for Fantasy literature. The secondary imaginative world and the fantastical events that contain within play an important role in shaping the way Fantasy literature elicits a child reader response. Perhaps one of the most recognized characteristics of Fantasy literature is its appeal to imagination. Fantasy stretches the imagination, enforces creative thinking and encourages dreams. Through the use of the supernatural elements in the secondary world, children travel on a journey fueled by imagination and inventive creation. The way Fantasy literature is received by children audience has a direct effect on the ideas and responses it elicits on them. The act of reading fantasy requires the use of the imagination. In this sense, a great deal of interplay between the writer and reader is present. Because the role of imagination is so important, children readers have much to contribute as they read fantasy. In general, the writer provides the setting, characters, plot and other elements, but the children readers add their imagination to whatever the text allows. It is when children enter this secondary world, engaging with its characters and events that they become part of the story. They feel a sense of pride when characters rise to goodness and a sense of disappointment when the characters fail. Their sense of self and identity is fully shared with the characters as they live the experiences of the fantasy story. Take Barrie’s Neverland for example, a world without esponsibilities, filled with unlimited possibilities – seemingly all wishes of children come true. Neverland is a space where restrictive parents are absent, school is unheard of, and playtime is only interrupted by self-imagined meals (Barrie 113). At first glance, the ideal place to be as a child. Children readily associate with Neverland, this utopian world where everything is made possible stimulates their imagination. They imagine how seawaters are inhabited with mermaids, the endless fights with pirates, and the magic of fairy filling up woods (Barrie 116). Children create their own Neverland using their own imagination. An interesting point to note is that even the story characters themselves in Peter and Wendy imagined their own Neverland. For Michael and John, Neverland was a dream, the extraordinary world they dreamed about when they were asleep and the place where they desired to live in real life. John’s Neverland for instance, â€Å"had a lagoon with flamingos flying over it at which John was shooting, while Michael, who was very small, had a flamingo with lagoons flying over it† (Barrie 74). Barrie’s story itself reflects a prime example of uncorrupted imagination through the child’s interactions with the text. Barrie carefully explains that the Neverlands are located within the children’s minds, and although every Neverland is always more or less an island, each one will be uniquely individual. In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Lewis creates Narnia and supernatural Narnian creatures to provoke wonder and imagination in the minds of children. Narnia offers children a separate world where they escape to allowing them to paint their own images of this far secondary world. Lewis further creates heroines, who are gifted in imagination and who readily accept Narnia, the fantasy world, as a valid reality. One of the heroines, Lucy, goes into an enormous wardrobe and suddenly finds herself in this imaginary world, Narnia. Lucy felt a â€Å"little frightened, but she felt very inquisitive and excited as well† (Lewis 9). She later meets Mr. Tumnus, a Faun who asks her how she came to Narnia. Lucy, so puzzled, asks him: â€Å"Narnia? What’s that? † (Lewis 11). Right from the start, Lewis engages children in this imaginative world. By showing Lucy’s vast imagination and acceptance of Narnia, children readers extend their imagination accordingly, and view this secondary world as a valid reality. The heroines explore the new worlds of Narnia without hesitation. In Lewis’s book, the Pevensie siblings go through the Wardrobe to leave the primary world and enter into the secondary world, Narnia. The Wardrobe in the story functions as a portal between the two worlds. After reading The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, every child is left imagining the sight of wardrobes. This common and tangible object that most children had in their rooms during the time Lewis wrote his book opened a gateway of wonder, imagination and curiosity for the secondary world. It is very interesting how Lewis takes ordinary familiar ingredients and transforms it in a certain way which fascinates children and stretches their imagination. Imagination is very important in allowing the child resolve real world issues. Fantasy literature, through the imagination elicited within its context plays a central role in promoting the idea of a capable wise child. Adults like to view children as innocent, unable to comprehend surround real life situations. Warner in Little Angels, Little Monsters refers to Kipling’s unforgettable vivid Mowgli, and J. M Barrie’s Peter Pan, the boy who would never grow. Both examples reveal the depth of adult investment in a utopian childhood image (Warner 134). Heywood, in Some Themes in the Cultural History of Childhood, refers to the ideal innocent child incapable of solving real world problems, as part of the nineteenth and twentieth century British culture (Heywood 34). Certainly, many other authors of the twentieth ce ntury including Barrie and Lewis tried to convey the image of the innocent powerless child, unable to comprehend universal situations. This ideal image of childhood is seen in Barrie’s Peter Pan, as the boy who is â€Å"suspended in a state of perpetual childhood†, refusing to grow up (Cuthew 43). This eternal childhood is supported by Neverland, the secondary world where such attitude is cherished. Although this idea of innocent child is deeply integrated in the works of Barrie and Lewis, but without doubt, fantasy in both of Barrie’s and Lewis’s texts serves to promote a whole different role of the child. The secondary world, Narnia, provides a setting where children deal with issues universal to humankind and ones specifically associated with childhood and adolescence. Both Lewis’s and Barrie’s child protagonists are faced with numerous epic challenges, journey and battles in the imaginary world. By using fantasy, and placing this struggle in a secondary fantasy world, children’s actions and decisions are given adult proportions and importance, whilst the safety remains in the known world to which they will return. As Zipes states, by using fantasy, the child understands universal situations in a complex, â€Å"adult-life† manner (Zipes 178). Warner believes adults see it as their task to socialize children and teach them how to work on real life issues (Warner 139). In some cases even, children â€Å"outsmart adults (Warner 137). Warner further mentions Novalis who stresses on the importance of fantasy literature in creating an â€Å"intimate connection† between children and a wonderful, â€Å"free-floating world† of imagination (Warner 135). Novalis insists that the observable, active fantasy-life displayed by childrens books gives children access to a world of wisdom. For him, through myth and fairy tale, a child is seen as a â€Å"good deal cleverer and wiser than an adult†. Spielberg’s children characters in E. T and Back to the Future fiction films are prime examples of such children. Twentieth century fantasy literature particular to children's authors such as Barrie and Lewis, enforces imagination to deal with universal social issues. The fantasy world contained within Barrie’s and Lewis’s texts allows children to rely on an imaginary world that will offer them order and meaning. In both Peter an d Wendy and The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the child protagonists, Peter Pan and the Pevensie children are sent on a fantasy adventure and they encounter various challenges. Through their experiences, these child characters drive children to rely on their own imagination and creativity to solve problems around them. In bother novels, child protagonists are virtual role models for the child reader and so their actions and the way they deal with real life issues carry great relevance to the child reader. By allowing children make their own decisions, children are given agency and added responsibility. Children learn to use their own imagination and gain insight on how things should operate without adult rules hanging over their heads. In Barrie’s book, the story character, Peter and Wendy go on a journey to Neverland, a world where restrictive parents are absent. Peter and Wendy face different challenges. Wendy mothers the Lost Boys; Peter has various encounters with Hook. In both cases, these two child figures are left without adult guidance. Despite the lack of parental rule, these children characters manage to face difficulties and apply their insight to solve problems that come across in Neverland. Lewis’s The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe reflects another important example of children’s ability to comprehend certain moral and social issues without adult guidance. In Lewis’s book, Edmund, the third oldest Pevensie child learns the importance of honesty and trust, and the severity of lying. When he is given Turkish delight the first time, he directly falls under the White Witch’s trap and agrees to bring back his siblings to her. All he wants is to â€Å"shovel down as much Turkish Delight as he could, and the more he ate the more he wanted to eat† (Lewis 38). Upon Edmunds betrayal to his siblings, Lucy notices the change of Edmund, because Edmund’s face is â€Å"flushed and strange† (Lewis 42) and he looks â€Å"awful† (Lewis 44). This quotation indicates that a treacherous person has a different appearance. Without explicitly saying to the child, â€Å"you should not lie†, fantasy and fairy tales allow children to see the bonuses and consequences of virtues followed and disobeyed. Through fantasy, children are also allowed to come to their own consensus of the binaries of good and evil, right and wrong without having parents guide them through the entire learning process. Fantasy gives children the freedom to create their own set of morals through stories, characters and imaginative places. Take Lewis’s treatment of the concepts of good and evil in Narnia. The Pevensie children are set on an adventure taking them into the fantasy world that is equipped with ideal tools for exploring good and evil. In this fantasy world, the children protagonists are offered many chances to use their own judgment in differentiating right from wrong. Lewis uses this secondary world to allow children see extremes of good and evil. On one hand, Lewis shows the White Witch, the evil queen of Narnia. She seems to abuse her evil powers and carries a wand that can turn creatures into stones. On the other hand, Lewis shows Aslan, the king and God of Narnia. Aslan is a noble lion who sacrifices his life so that the Witch will spare Edmund. Not only does Lewis place his setting in a fantasy world, but he also takes advantage of fantastic creatures to stimulate the child reader’s sense of dread and imagination. These extreme Narnian characters offer two opposite extreme measures of good and evil for which children can compare to. By looking at real world issues, the child is able to deal with situations of good and evil the same way they were played out in the imaginary world. The child is better able to understand his or her position in the world in relation to those around. Allowing the child to judge the good and evil can arguably be seen as means of socialization, a way of opening the child’s eyes to their surrounding society. Through eliciting imagination in children, twentieth century Fantasy literature has also highlighted social values of its period. Even in fantasy when authors write adventures taking place in a secondary world, it is quite difficult to escape certain institutions and values which make our society function. Twentieth century Fantasy literature carried many adult social messages to children. As Henry Jenkins mentions in Introduction: Childhood Innocence and Other Modern Myths, children’s social learning is shaped both by â€Å"adult desires and childhood fantasies† (Jenkins 25). Warner further adds on the topic by saying that in society there is a deep involvement of adults in shaping children. As members of a functional society, how we treat children â€Å"really tests who were are and fundamentally conveys who we hope to be† (Warner, 137). British writers made comments on society and British life through children’s fantasy books. For example, Lewis in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe mentions the Beaver family in Narnia. The Beaver family can be seen to function on the stereotypical model of a twentieth century British family. In one example, Mr. Beaver rushes out in the cold with Peter to provide food for the family, meanwhile â€Å"the girls were helping Mrs Beaver to fill the kettle and cut the bread† (Lewis 69). It can be argued that through Narnia, Lewis reflects the British life in the twentieth century where men spend long hours working away form home whereas mothers shield the home from the corruptions of the outside world (Jenkins, 7). It is now agreed that twentieth century Fantasy literature is vital in the child’s development of imagination. Although children’s minds are less developed than adults’, their ability to imagine is far greater. Fantasy stories not only allow children to imagine other worlds, they let children create those worlds. Barrie and Lewis wrote for children in a sense that they used simpler language and fantastical settings. These authors tried to fully engage children readers with texts. But, not for a moment did they underestimate the child’s ability to comprehend greater universal and social problems such as the arguments between siblings, the struggle to fight temptation and make the right decision, the importance of imagination in providing children with self-guidance and the ability of evaluating good and evil in society. Twentieth century British authors such as Barrie and Lewis also used Fantasy literature to comment on social issues of that period and reflect certain values of society. In twentieth century children’s literature, fantasy is not used to deceive but to enlighten.

Marketing Strategy of Softxpand Software Free Essay Example, 2500 words

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